REVIEW PAPER
Origin, transformation and classification of organic soils in Poland
1
Department of Soil Science and Microbiology,, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,, Polska
2
Institute of Soil Science, Plant Nutrition and Environmental Protection,, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences,, Polska
3
Department of Soil Science and Microbiology,, Poznań University of Life Sciences,, Polska
4
Department of Soil Science and Microbiology,, 1University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,, Polska
Submission date: 2024-08-08
Final revision date: 2024-10-08
Acceptance date: 2024-10-25
Online publication date: 2024-10-25
Publication date: 2024-10-25
Corresponding author
Andrzej Łachacz
Department of Soil Science and Microbiology,, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,, Plac Łódzki 3,, 10–727, Olsztyn, Polska
Department of Soil Science and Microbiology,, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,, Plac Łódzki 3,, 10–727, Olsztyn, Polska
Soil Sci. Ann., 2024, 75(4)195241
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
The Soil Science Society of Poland has selected organic soils (in Polish: gleby organiczne) as their Soil of the Year 2024. Organic soils consist of materials that contain ≥12% organic carbon (C), and include peat, gyttja and mud materials, as well as forest (leaf and woody debris) or meadow (grass debris) litter (≥20% organic C if saturated with water for <30 consecutive days a year). The specific properties of these soils, primarily the high organic C content, low bulk density and high porosity values, determine their disaggregation from mineral soils. In the 6th edition of the Polish Soil Classification (SGP 6), four main types of organic soils were distinguished: peat soils (in Polish: gleby torfowe), mursh soils (in Polish: gleby murszowe), limnic soils (in Polish: gleby limnowe) and folisols (in Polish: gleby ściółkowe). The estimated cover of organic soils in Poland ranges from 4 to 5% of the land surface, located mainly in closed depressions and river valleys; an exception are the folisols that mainly occur in mountain areas. Among organic soils, peat and mursh soils cover the largest area and are mainly used for agricultural purposes. Organic soils are considered the largest natural terrestrial reservoir of organic C, but disturbance to peatlands from climate change and human activities has impacted their C storage potential. In this review paper, we present (a) the concept of organic soils in Poland; (b) the classification scheme for organic soils in Poland and their correlation with international classification systems, such as the World Reference Base (WRB) and the NRCS Soil Taxonomy; (c) a review of the distribution, land use, threats and protection of organic soils in Poland; and (d) future research needs with regard to organic soils.
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