ORIGINAL PAPER
Distribution of iron forms in different types of black earths in the Chełmno Lake District (Northern Poland) as an indicator of soil-forming process
1
Wydział Rolnictwa i Biotechnologii
Katedra Biogeochemii i Gleboznawstwa, Politechnika Bydgoska im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich, Polska
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Submission date: 2023-04-16
Final revision date: 2023-10-08
Acceptance date: 2023-12-09
Online publication date: 2023-12-09
Publication date: 2023-12-09
Corresponding author
Mateusz Pawłowski
Wydział Rolnictwa i Biotechnologii Katedra Biogeochemii i Gleboznawstwa, Politechnika Bydgoska im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich, Bernardyńska 6, 85-029, Bydgoszcz, Polska
Wydział Rolnictwa i Biotechnologii Katedra Biogeochemii i Gleboznawstwa, Politechnika Bydgoska im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich, Bernardyńska 6, 85-029, Bydgoszcz, Polska
Soil Sci. Ann., 2023, 74(3)176686
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Abstract
An important part of soil science research is the classification of soils. Numerous soil scientists have paid special attention to various dependencies related to the content and distribution of iron forms in the soil profile. This allows the taxonomic unit to be determined according to soil classifications. The research objective was to evaluate the distribution of iron forms as an indicator of soil-forming processes in four profiles of arable black earths. The research subject was soils formed from glacial sediments in the Chełmno Lake District (northern Poland). They were determined by morphological description to be Phaeozems representing four subtypes: Haplic Phaeozem, Luvic Gleyic Phaeozem, Gleyic Phaeozem and Gleyic (Cambic) Phaeozem. Soil horizons were described according to FAO guidelines. The soil samples were analysed for the content of free iron oxides (Fed) according to Mehra and Jackson’s method, as well as the content of amorphous iron oxides, (Feo) according to Schwertmann’s method. Based on the content of Fed and Feo, the content of crystalline iron oxides (Fec) was calculated using the formula: Fec = Fed–Feo and the iron oxides activity index was calculated from the Feo/Fed ratio. The content of Fet was highest in the Bt horizon of profile II. In individual profiles, Fed content was highest in the Bt horizon of gleyic Phaeozem and the AB horizon of gleyic (cambic) Phaeozem. In Luvic Gleyic Phaeozem and Gleyic (Cambic) Phaeozem iron was removed from the surface horizon to be accumulated in the illuvial horizon. The uniformity of content of total iron and its free iron oxides in the parent material of the analysed soils indicates its genetic homogeneity. The release of iron in the Ap horizon is characteristic of chemical weathering. The relationship between the content of Feo and Fed determines the degree of crystallization of free iron oxides. Based on the statistical analysis, a significantly positive correlation between the content of clay fraction and all the iron forms determined was found. All the profiles were characterized by similar degrees of weathering of the soil material, which was determined on the basis of the Fed/Fet ratio. The soils also demonstrate a low value of iron mobilization, as confirmed by the values of the Fed/Fet ratio. Determining iron forms and interpreting analysis results help in the correct classification of soils, because the distribution of iron forms in soil profiles depends mainly on pedogenesis.
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